Al-Hussein Mosque, Cairo

The origins of Al-Hussein Mosque in Cairo

The Fatimid foundation in 1154

Al-Hussein Mosque traces its beginnings to 549 AH / 1154 CE, during the height of the Fatimid Caliphate. Minister Al-Salih Tala'i oversaw its construction, envisioning a sanctuary worthy of housing one of Islam’s holiest relics. The original Fatimid structure featured three marble gates opening toward Khan Al-Khalili and a fourth, the renowned Green Gate, beside the central dome. Although much of this early architecture has vanished, the lower remains of Bab Al-Akhdar continue to reveal the mastery of Fatimid artisans.

Relocation of Imam Hussein's head to Cairo

The mosque’s creation was driven by a dramatic historical moment. For decades, the head of Imam Hussein rested in Ashkelon, Palestine. As Crusader pressure mounted, Fatimid Caliph Al-Zafir ordered its secret relocation to Cairo to prevent the relic from falling into enemy hands.

The transfer began on Sunday, 8 Jumada al-Thani 548 AH (31 August 1153 CE). Prince Sayf al-Mamlaka Tamim personally supervised the mission. Two days later, the relic reached Cairo, marking a defining moment in the city’s spiritual identity.

Construction of the original shrine and mosque

Upon arrival, the relic was transported along the Nile to Al-Kafuri Garden before being moved to its permanent burial site in Qubbat al-Daylam—later known as al-Mashhad al-Hussaini. Chroniclers like al-Maqrizi recorded how this sacred space became one of Egypt’s most important shrines.

Although traditions differ about the final resting place of Hussein’s head—some citing Damascus or Karbala—the Egyptian account has endured for nearly nine centuries. This enduring belief grants Al-Hussein Mosque unparalleled religious significance in the Islamic world.
 

Architectural evolution through dynasties

Ayyubid reconstruction and the 1237 minaret

The Ayyubid dynasty sought to elevate the mosque’s stature with a major reconstruction in 1237. Eleven years later, a devastating fire destroyed much of their work. Yet one masterpiece survived: the elegant minaret above Bab al-Akhdar. Commissioned by Salih Nagm al-Din, the minaret remains an exquisite example of Ayyubid artistry, adorned with refined stucco and arabesque patterns that speak to the era’s architectural sophistication.

Ottoman and Khedival renovations in 1874

The most extensive transformation occurred under Khedive Isma'il Pasha in 1874. Determined to modernize Cairo, he introduced new architectural elements while preserving the mosque’s Islamic identity.

Gothic Revival and Islamic eclecticism

This renovation fused European Gothic Revival details with Ottoman and traditional Islamic motifs, creating a unique architectural harmony. The mosque’s minarets, decorative stained glass, intricate calligraphy, and geometric designs reflect this eclectic synthesis. Inside, the blend of patterns and colors creates an atmosphere of spiritual grandeur.

Modern additions: steel dome and canopy umbrellas

In the 21st century, practical innovations enhanced the mosque’s functionality. Engineers installed three large retractable canopies at the entrance, rising 12 meters high and spanning 750 sqm to shade worshippers. Crafted from galvanized steel and Teflon membranes, they combine modern engineering with traditional decorative elements inspired by sacred architecture across the Muslim world.
 

Religious and cultural significance

Imam Hussein's legacy in Islamic history

Imam Hussein’s stand at Karbala in 680 AD remains one of the most defining moments in Islamic history. His resistance against the tyranny of Yazid transformed him into a symbol of courage, sacrifice, and justice. Known as “Syed us Shohda” (Master of the Martyrs), he inspires Muslims across all sects.

The mosque's role in Shia and Sunni traditions

Al-Hussein Mosque is a rare space where Sunni and Shia devotion converge. Shia Muslims, who revere Hussein with profound spiritual attachment, visit the mosque believing his head rests within. Sunni Muslims equally honor the Prophet’s grandson and frequently attend prayers, lectures, and scholarly gatherings held within the mosque.
Egypt’s Shia population—estimated between 800,000 and 2 million—regards the mosque as a central pilgrimage site, while Sunnis cherish it as one of Cairo’s holiest landmarks.

Spiritual practices and Ashura commemorations

The mosque becomes a focal point during Ashura, the 10th of Muharram, when Muslims commemorate Hussein’s martyrdom. Security restrictions are often implemented to ensure peaceful observances. In contrast, the annual Mawlid al-Hussein celebration brings festive processions, devotional poetry, and communal gatherings. Daily prayers, especially Friday worship, draw thousands of devotees.

Connection to Bab al-Mukhallafat and relics

Behind Bab al-Mukhallafat—a beautiful gold and silver door crafted in 1986—lies a chamber housing revered Islamic relics. These include garments, a staff, a kohl container, and hairs attributed to Prophet Muhammad. A historic Quran manuscript written by Ali ibn Abi Talib on deer skin further enhances the sanctity of this sacred space.
 

Historical resilience and modern restoration

Destruction by fire and rebuilding efforts

Al-Hussein Mosque has endured multiple disasters. After the Ayyubid fire of the 13th century, another blaze struck in 2022 when a gas cylinder explosion ignited in Old Cairo. Each time, Egyptian authorities and communities rallied to restore the sacred monument with renewed devotion.

1996 and 2022 restorations

The 1996 restoration by the Supreme Council of Antiquities addressed severe water damage and added a modern steel dome above the tomb chamber. The 2021–2022 restoration, costing 150 million EGP (approx. $8 million), was performed by the Arab Contractors Company. This major project improved structural integrity, installed new marble flooring, restored the minarets and facade, and revitalized the shrine.

Preservation of original Fatimid elements

Despite centuries of change, the lower section of Bab Al-Akhdar remains the only surviving Fatimid feature. Each restoration has carefully safeguarded this rare architectural treasure.

Inauguration by Egyptian leadership

The mosque was officially reopened on April 27, 2022, in a ceremony attended by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Sultan Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin of the Bohra community, whose contributions significantly supported the restoration. This renewal forms part of Egypt’s larger initiative to preserve Ahl al-Bayt shrines and promote heritage tourism.
 

For nearly nine centuries, Al-Hussein Mosque has anchored the spiritual heart of Islamic Cairo. From its Fatimid origins to its Ayyubid minaret, from Khedival Gothic influences to its modern restoration, every era has left a distinct imprint on its sacred walls. The mosque stands today as a testament to resilience—surviving fires, political upheavals, and the passage of time.

More than a monument, it serves as a living symbol of unity. Here, the memory of Imam Hussein transcends sectarian boundaries, drawing Sunnis and Shias alike into shared devotion. During Ashura’s solemn rituals or the joyful Mawlid celebrations, the mosque resonates with the enduring spirit of faith.

Al-Hussein Mosque remains a bridge between past and present, a guardian of sacred history, and a vibrant center of worship. Within its walls, Cairo’s Islamic soul continues to beat, linking generations through the timeless rhythm of prayer and remembrance.